scholarly journals Surface Solar Radiation Flux and Cloud Radiative Forcing for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP): A Satellite, Surface Observations, and Radiative Transfer Model Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Gautier ◽  
Martin Landsfeld
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Surface Solar Radiation ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Solar Radiation Flux ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement

scholarly journals A simple model for cloud radiative forcing

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 5751-5758 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Corti ◽  
T. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. We present a simple model for the longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcing based on the evaluation of extensive radiative transfer calculations, covering a global range of conditions. The simplicity of the model equations fosters the understanding on how clouds affect the Earth's energy balance. In comparison with results from a comprehensive radiative transfer model, the accuracy of our parameterization is typically better than 20%. We demonstrate the usefulness of our model using the example of tropical cirrus clouds. We conclude that possible applications for the model include the convenient estimate of cloud radiative forcing for a wide range of conditions, the evaluation of the sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions, and as a tool in education. An online version of the model is available at http://www.iac.ethz.ch/url/crf.

scholarly journals Long-term aerosol-mediated changes in cloud radiative forcing of deep clouds at the top and bottom of the atmosphere over the Southern Great Plains

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4599-4625
Author(s):  
Hongru Yan ◽  
Zhanqing Li ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
Maureen Cribb ◽  
Jianjun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
The Us ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ◽  
Core Thickness ◽  
Weak Wind

Abstract. Aerosols can alter the macro- and micro-physical properties of deep convective clouds (DCC) and their radiative forcing (CRF). This study presents what is arguably the first long-term estimate of the aerosol-mediated changes in CRF (AMCRF) for deep cloud systems derived from decade-long continuous ground-based and satellite observations, model simulations and reanalysis data. Measurements were made at the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Satellite retrievals are from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Increases in aerosol loading were accompanied by the thickening of DCC cores and the expansion and thinning of anvils, due presumably to the aerosol invigoration effect (AIV) and the aerosol microphysical effect (AME). Meteorological variables dictating these cloud processes were investigated. Consistent with previous findings, the AIV is most significant when the atmosphere is moist and unstable with weak wind shear. Such aerosol-mediated systematic changes in DCC core thickness and anvil size alter CRF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface. Using extensive observations, ~300 DCC systems were identified over a 10 yr period at the SGP site (2000–2011) and analyzed. Daily mean AMCRF at the TOA and at the surface are 29.3 W m−2 and 22.2 W m−2, respectively. This net warming effect due to changes in DCC microphysics offsets the cooling resulting from the first aerosol indirect effect.

scholarly journals Using surface remote sensors to derive mixed-phase cloud radiative forcing: an example from M-PACE

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 12487-12518 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. de Boer ◽  
W. D. Collins ◽  
S. Menon ◽  
C. N. Long
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing

Abstract. A suite of ground-based measurements are used in conjunction with a column version of the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTMG) to derive the cloud radiative forcing of mixed-phase stratiform clouds observed during the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mixed-Phase Arctic Clouds Experiment (M-PACE) between September and November of 2004. In total, sixteen half hour time periods are reviewed due to their coincidence with radiosonde launches. Cloud liquid (ice) water paths are found to range between 11.0–366.4 (0.5–114.1) gm−2, and cloud physical thicknesses fall between 286–2075 m. Combined with temperature and hydrometeor size estimates, this information is used to calculate surface radiative fluxes using RRTMG, which are demonstrated to generally agree with measured fluxes from surface-based radiometric instrumentation. Errors in longwave flux estimates are found to be largest for thin clouds, while shortwave flux errors are generally largest for thicker clouds. Cloud radiative forcing is calculated for all profiles, and illustrates the dominance of the longwave component during this time of year, with net cloud forcing generally between 50 and 90 Wm−2. Finally, sensitivity of calculated surface fluxes to droplet effective radius, surface albedo and surface temperature are tested, with changes in minimum droplet size between 3.5 and 10 μm altering the surface shortwave flux by up to 50 Wm−2, and changes in surface albedo between 0.5 and 0.95 altering surface shortwave fluxes by up to 85 Wm−2.

scholarly journals A simple model for cloud radiative forcing

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 8541-8560 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Corti ◽  
T. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. We present a simple model for the longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcing based on the evaluation of extensive radiative transfer calculations. The simplicity of the model equations fosters the understanding on how clouds affect the Earth's energy balance. In comparison with results from a comprehensive radiative transfer model, the accuracy of our parameterization is typically better than 20%. We demonstrate the usefulness of our model using the example of tropical cirrus clouds. We conclude that possible applications for the model include the fast estimate of cloud radiative forcing, the evaluation of the sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions, and as a tool in education.

scholarly journals Estimation of Asian dust aerosol effect on cloud radiation forcing using Fu-Liou radiative model and CERES measurements

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2763-2771 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
P. Minnis ◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of Asian dust on cloud radiative forcing during 2003–2006 is studied by using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy Budget Scanner (CERES) data and the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model. Analysis of satellite data shows that the dust aerosol significantly reduced the cloud cooling effect at TOA. In dust contaminated cloudy regions, the 4-year mean values of the instantaneous shortwave, longwave and net cloud radiative forcing are −138.9, 69.1, and −69.7 Wm−2, which are 57.0, 74.2, and 46.3%, respectively, of the corresponding values in pristine cloudy regions. The satellite-retrieved cloud properties are significantly different in the dusty regions and can influence the radiative forcing indirectly. The contributions to the cloud radiation forcing by the dust direct, indirect and semi-direct effects are estimated using combined satellite observations and Fu-Liou model simulation. The 4-year mean value of combination of dust indirect and semi-direct shortwave radiative forcing (SWRF) is 82.2 Wm−2, which is 78.4% of the total dust effect. The dust direct effect is only 22.7 Wm−2, which is 21.6% of the total effect. Because both first and second indirect effects enhance cloud cooling, the aerosol-induced cloud warming is mainly the result of the semi-direct effect of dust.

scholarly journals Long-term aerosol-mediated changes in cloud radiative forcing of deep clouds at the top and bottom of the atmosphere over the Southern Great Plains

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 7113-7124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongru Yan ◽  
Zhanqing Li ◽  
Jianping Huang ◽  
Maureen Cribb ◽  
Jianjun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
The Us ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ◽  
Core Thickness ◽  
Weak Wind

Abstract. Aerosols can alter the macro- and micro-physical properties of deep convective clouds (DCCs) and their radiative forcing (CRF). This study presents what is arguably the first long-term estimate of the aerosol-mediated changes in CRF (AMCRF) for deep cloud systems derived from decade-long continuous ground-based and satellite observations, model simulations, and reanalysis data. Measurements were made at the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. Satellite retrievals are from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite. Increases in aerosol loading were accompanied by the thickening of DCC cores and the expansion and thinning of anvils, due presumably to the aerosol invigoration effect (AIV) and the aerosol microphysical effect. Meteorological variables dictating these cloud processes were investigated. Consistent with previous findings, the AIV is most significant when the atmosphere is moist and unstable with weak wind shear. Such aerosol-mediated systematic changes in DCC core thickness and anvil size alter CRF at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface. Using extensive observations, ~300 DCC systems were identified over a 10 years period at the SGP site (2000–2011) and analyzed. Daily mean AMCRF at the TOA and at the surface are 29.3 W m−2 and 22.2 W m−2, respectively. This net warming effect due to changes in DCC microphysics offsets the cooling resulting from the first aerosol indirect effect.

scholarly journals Estimation of Asian dust aerosol effect on cloud radiation forcing using Fu-Liou radiative model and CERES measurements

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2061-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Su ◽  
J. Huang ◽  
Q. Fu ◽  
P. Minnis ◽  
J. Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of Asian dust on cloud radiative forcing during 2003–2006 is studied by using the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy Budget Scanner (CERES) data and the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model. Analysis of satellite data shows that the dust aerosol significantly reduced the cloud cooling effect at TOA. In dust contaminated cloudy regions, the 4-year mean values of the instantaneous shortwave, longwave and net cloud radiative forcing are −138.9, 69.1, and −69.7 Wm−2, which are 57.0, 74.2, and 46.3%, respectively, of the corresponding values in pristine cloudy regions. The satellite-retrieved cloud properties are significantly different in the dusty regions and can influence the radiative forcing indirectly. The contributions to the cloud radiation forcing by the dust direct, indirect and semi-direct effects are estimated using combined satellite observations and Fu-Liou model simulation. The 4-year mean value of combination of indirect and semi-direct shortwave radiative forcing (SWRF) is 82.2 Wm−2, which is 78.4% of the total dust effect. The direct effect is only 22.7 Wm−2, which is 21.6% of the total effect. Because both first and second indirect effects enhance cloud cooling, the aerosol-induced cloud warming is mainly the result of the semi-direct effect of dust.

scholarly journals Daytime Top-of-the-Atmosphere Cirrus Cloud Radiative Forcing Properties at Singapore

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1249-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Lolli ◽  
James R. Campbell ◽  
Jasper R. Lewis ◽  
Yu Gu ◽  
Jared W. Marquis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Cirrus Cloud ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
Cloud Radiative Forcing ◽  
Ground Based Lidar ◽  
Global Oceans ◽  
Lidar Observations

AbstractDaytime top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) cirrus cloud radiative forcing (CRF) is estimated for cirrus clouds observed in ground-based lidar observations at Singapore in 2010 and 2011. Estimates are derived both over land and water to simulate conditions over the broader Maritime Continent archipelago of Southeast Asia. Based on bookend constraints of the lidar extinction-to-backscatter ratio (20 and 30 sr), used to solve extinction and initialize corresponding radiative transfer model simulations, relative daytime TOA CRF is estimated at 2.858–3.370 W m−2 in 2010 (both 20 and 30 sr, respectively) and 3.078–3.329 W m−2 in 2011 and over water between −0.094 and 0.541 W m−2 in 2010 and −0.598 and 0.433 W m−2 in 2011 (both 30 and 20 sr, respectively). After normalizing these estimates for an approximately 80% local satellite-estimated cirrus cloud occurrence rate, they reduce in absolute daytime terms to 2.198–2.592 W m−2 in 2010 and 2.368–2.561 W m−2 in 2011 over land and −0.072–0.416 W m−2 in 2010 and −0.460–0.333 W m−2 in 2011 over water. These annual estimates are mostly consistent despite a tendency toward lower relative cloud-top heights in 2011. Uncertainties are described. Estimates support the open hypothesis of a meridional hemispheric gradient in cirrus cloud daytime TOA CRF globally, varying from positive near the equator to presumably negative approaching the non-ice-covered poles. They help expand upon the paradigm, however, by conceptualizing differences zonally between overland and overwater forcing that differ significantly. More global oceans are likely subject to negative daytime TOA CRF than previously implied.

scholarly journals Characteristics, impacts and direct radiative forcing of aerosols at the ARM Southern Great Plains Central Facility

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2353-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Iziomon ◽  
U. Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Direct Radiative Forcing ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ◽  
Annual Means ◽  
Central Facility

Abstract. Based on the analysis of five years of field measurements of aerosol and meteorological variables, we present the characteristics, impacts and direct radiative forcing of aerosols at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility (CF) of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. Annual means of total submicron aerosol concentration for particles with aerodynamic diameter (Dp) < 1 mm, particle concentration (Np) for aerosols with 0.1 <−Dp<−10 mm, submicron light absorption coefficient (σ_a) and single scattering albedo at the SGP CF amount to 5306±392 cm−2, 654&amp;olusmn;290 cm−3, 2.0±0.7 Mm−1 and 0.94±0.02, respectively, while those of submicron total scattering coefficient, hemispheric backscatter fraction, submicrometer scattering fraction (Rsp), Angström exponent, hygroscopic growth factor and visibility at 550 nm are  36±2 Mm−1, 0.12± 0.01, 0.84±0.03, 2.25±0.09 and 1.84±0.10, 38±2 km, respectively. Although they exhibit a considerable year-to-year variability, ,i>Rsp, σp, Np and ozone show some increase over the period examined here. This increase is accompanied by a decline in annual precipitation, column integrated water vapor, relative humidity, and cloud cover (particularly from 1998 to 2001) at the site. In particular, the marked precipitation deficit at the SGP CF in 2000 and 2001 is evident of drought associated with La Nina conditions. We compare the diabatic impacts and optical characteristics for smoke and dust aerosols. In general, aerosols at the ARM site produce a net diabatic cooling, with an estimated direct radiative forcing ranging from about −0.7 W m−2 in winter to −2.4 W m−2 in summer.

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